Name of the College : Northern India Engineering College
University : Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Subject Code/Name : ETME – 402 Quality Control & Quality Assurance
Dept : Mechanical & Automation Engineering
Degree : Bachelor of Technology
Sem: VIII
Website : niecdelhi.ac.in
Document Type : Question Bank
Download Model/Sample Question Paper : https://www.pdfquestion.in/uploads/niecdelhi.ac.in/3360-QCQA%20Model%20Paper%20II.docx
NIEC Delhi Quality Control & Assurance Question Paper
Note: Attempt any five questions including Q.No. 1 which is compulsory.
Q.1 (a) Explain TQM. (5×5)
(b) What is QMS?
(c What is meant by LTPD?
(d) ) What is a Sampling Plan?
(e Differentiate between Inspection & Quality Control?
Related : NIEC Delhi LAN & Networking B.Tech Question Bank : www.pdfquestion.in/3359.html
Ans(a) Total quality management (TQM) consists of organization-wide efforts to install and make permanent a climate in which an organization continuously improves its ability to deliver high-quality products and services to customers. While there is no widely agreed-upon approach, TQM efforts typically draw heavily on the previously developed tools and techniques of quality control. TQM enjoyed widespread attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s before being overshadowed by ISO 9000, Lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.
There is no widespread agreement as to what TQM is and what actions it requires of organizations, however a review of the original United States Navy effort gives a rough understanding of what is involved in TQM.
The key concepts in the TQM effort undertaken by the Navy in the 1980s include:
** “Quality is defined by customers’ requirements.”
** “Top management has direct responsibility for quality improvement.”
** “Increased quality comes from systematic analysis and improvement of work processes.”
** “Quality improvement is a continuous effort and conducted throughout the organization.”
The Navy used the following tools and techniques:
** The PDCA cycle to drive issues to resolution
** Ad hoc cross-functional teams (similar to quality circles) responsible for addressing immediate process issues
** Standing cross-functional teams responsible for the improvement of processes over the long term
** Active management participation through steering committees
** Use of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality to analyze quality-related issues
(b) A quality management system (QMS) is a collection of business processes focused on achieving your quality policy and quality objectives — i.e. what your customer wants and needs.[1] It is expressed as the organizational structure, policies, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics and random sampling. By the 20th century, labour inputs were typically the most costly inputs in most industrialized societies, so focus shifted to team cooperation and dynamics, especially the early signalling of problems via a continuous improvement cycle. In the 21st century, QMS has tended to converge with sustainability and transparency initiatives, as both investor and customer satisfaction and perceived quality is increasingly tied to these factors. Of all QMS regimes, the ISO 9000 family of standards is probably the most widely implemented worldwide – the ISO 19011 audit regime applies to both, and deals with quality and sustainability and their integration.
Other QMS, e.g. Natural Step, focus on sustainability issues and assume that other quality problems will be reduced as result of the systematic thinking, transparency, documentation and diagnostic discipline that sustainability focus implies. See sustainability for more on this approach to quality management.
Elements of a Quality Management System
** Quality Policy
** Quality Objectives
** Quality Manual
Organizational structure and Responsibilities
Data Management
** Processes – including purchasing
** Resources – including natural resources and human capital
** Product Quality leading to Customer satisfaction
Continuous Improvement including Corrective and preventive action
Maintenance
Sustainability – including efficient resource use and responsible environmental operations
** Transparency and independence audit
Engineering Change Control
(c) The LTPD of a sampling plan is the level of quality routinely rejected by the sampling plan. It is generally defined as the percent defective (number of defectives per hundred units X 100%) that the sampling plan will reject 90% of the time. In other words, this is also the percent defective that will be accepted by the sampling plan at most 10% of the time. This means that lots at or worse than the LTPD are rejected at least 90% of the time and accepted at most 10% of the time.
The LTPD can be determined using the operating characteristic (OC) curve by finding that quality level on the bottom axis that corresponds to a probability of acceptance of 0.10 (10%) on the left axis.
Associated with the LTPD is a confidence statement one can make. If the lot fails the sampling plan, one can state with 90% confidence that the quality level of the lot is worse than the LTPD (i.e., the defective rate of the lot > LTPD). On the other hand, if a lot passes the sampling plan, then one can state with 90% confidence that its quality level is equal to or better than the LTPD.
The LTPD of the sampling plan describes what the sampling plan will reject, but it is also important to know what the sampling plan will accept. Information on what the sampling plan will accept is provided by the AQL of the sampling plan.
(d) A sampling plan is a detailed outline of which measurements will be taken at what times, on which material, in what manner, and by whom. Sampling plans should be designed in such a way that the resulting data will contain a representative sample of the parameters of interest and allow for all questions, as stated in the goals, to be answered.
The steps involved in developing a sampling plan are:
** identify the parameters to be measured, the range of possible values, and the required resolution
** design a sampling scheme that details how and when samples will be taken
** select sample sizes
** design data storage formats
** assign roles and responsibilities
** Once the sampling plan has been developed, it can be verified and then passed on to the responsible parties for execution.
(e) Usually there is no difference. But both terms have slightly different meaning in different circles.
Inspection means checking the characteristics of a product to ensure that conformity to a set of specifications is met. Sometimes it means checking 100% of a batch of product; sometimes it means checking only some samples (in that latter case, it is exactly the same as “statistical quality control”.
Quality control usually means only checking the conformity of products already made. It comprises inspection and other tests such as labtests. Some people use quality control to designate some more upstream activities that aim at preventing quality issues (usually these activities are called “quality assurance”).